What about the Damacloids?

The global inaction on the known and solvable problem of asteroids is bad enough.


It is worse that the results of SpaceGuard seem to be making people complacent.
See http://www.nature.com/news/2008/080625/full/4531164a.html Fewer people are searching for near-Earth asteroids, astronomer David Morrison said in the 1990s, than work a shift in a small McDonalds. But that group — a little larger now — has over the past two decades discovered a host of happily harmless rocks, and in doing so reduced the risk of an unknown asteroid blighting civilization. [Note, SpaceGuard has not taken any rocks out of the sky, and has found less than 1% of the estimated population of Tunguska size impactors, and is still missing 21% of the expected civilization ending Asteroid population]

But what about the Damacloids?


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damocloid_asteroid
http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/~jewitt/papers/DAMO/Jewitt.damo.pdf


The Dark Comets?


In this paper http://astrobiology.cf.ac.uk/MNPAPER.pdf authors W. M. Napier, J. T. Wickramasinghe and N. C. Wickramasinghe argue:



Dynamical balance arguments that involve the capture of long-period comets from the Oort
cloud imply that there should be ∼1000 times more Halley-type objects than are actually
observed...Here we demonstrate that the surfaces of inactive comets, if composed of loose, fluffy organic material like cometary meteoroids, develop reflectivities that are vanishingly small in visible light. The near-Earth objects may therefore be dominated by a population of fast, multi-kilometre bodies too dark to be seen with current near-Earth object surveys. Deflection strategies that assume decades or centuries of warning before impact are inapplicable to this hazard.

We propose, as a solution to the paradox, that the surfaces of inert comets become extremely dark. An immediate consequence of the above solution of the ‘missing comet’ problem is that there exists a large population of extremely dark comets in Earth-crossing orbits, which are undetectable with current near-Earth object (NEO) search programmes but are nevertheless impact hazards (cf. Bailey & Emel’yanenko 1998)...the mean interval between impacts of such bodies is ∼0.67 Myr, with impact energies 1.5 × 106 Mt, for a mean impact speed ∼60 km s−1 (Jeffers et al. 2001). Impacts of at least 1.5 × 107 Mt energy are expected at mean intervals ∼2.3 Myr...Rickman et al. (2001), on the other hand, find that comets yield a large, perhaps dominant, contribution to km-sized impactors, estimating for example a terrestrial impact rate of about one Jupiter family comet (active or dormant) per Myr. While the uncertainties are large, it seems unavoidable that, if the present hypothesis is correct, a dormant Halley population represents a major if not dominant global impact hazard at the present time...The Oort cloud is demonstrably sensitive to Galactic perturbers of various sorts – stars, nebulae and tides (Napier & Staniucha 1982; Byl 1986, etc.). Nurmi, Valtonen & Zheng (2001) find that the flux of comets from the Oort cloud, and hence the impact rate, may fluctuate by an order of magnitude arising from the motion of the Sun with respect to the Galactic mid-plane. As we are at present passing through the plane of the Galaxy, it is expected that the current impact rate is several times higher than that deduced from the lunar cratering record, which is time-averaged over one or two Gyr. The dark Halleys, on this hypothesis, are a link in the chain between Galactic disturbances and huge impacts. That passages of the Sun through the spiral arms of the Galaxy might induce terrestrial disturbances has been discussed by a number of authors (e.g. McCrea 1975). Napier & Clube (1979) specifically proposed that bombardment episodes might occur during such passages, leading to mass extinctions and other trauma. Leitch & Vasisht (1998) have shown that, indeed, the Sun was passing through a spiral arm during the Cretaceous-Tertiary and Permo-Triassic extinctions of 65 and 250 million years ago, which also coincided with the Deccan and Siberian trap flood basalts. On this model, each of these was caused, not by a stray asteroid, but by an episode of cometary bombardment. For at least some of the great mass extinctions, multiple impacts coupled with climatic trauma appear to have been involved (e.g. McGhee 1996; Keller 2002). Current detection and deflection strategies involve the assumption that decades or centuries of warning will be available following the discovery of a threat asteroid. However if the major impact hazard indeed comes from this essentially undetectable population, the warning time of an impact is likely to be at most a few days. A typical Halley-type dormant comet spends 99 per cent of its time beyond the orbit of Mars and so a full mapping of this population is beyond current technology.


[Lesson: We need to get "out there" with IR telescopes an deflection capabilities, not sit on our complacent hands trusting we are several rolls of the dice away from a double six.]

100 Years & Nat Geo

A conference 100 YEARS SINCE TUNGUSKA PHENOMENON: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE was held June 26 - 28, 2008 inMoscow, Presidium of Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskiy Prospekt 32а

http://tunguska.sai.msu.ru/index.php?q=program_e

The Conference is devoted to the 100-year anniversary of the Tunguska phenomenon. The purpose of the conference is to integrate the efforts of inter-disciplinary experts in understanding the Tunguska event and similar impact phenomena. Including: Hazards due to comets and asteroids
1. The role of the Tunguska event in the problem of asteroidal and cometary hazards

2. Investigation of impact craters on the Earth and other bodies of the Solar System

3. Means of mitigation of asteroidal and cometary hazards

An exceptional article can be found in this month (Aug 2008) National Geographic Magazine:

SMALL expert From: http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/print/2008/08/earth-scars/stone-text

An estimated ten million rocky asteroids and ice-and-dirt comets pirouette in outer space, and once in a while their paths fatefully intersect our planet’s. One such encounter took place a hundred miles from present-day Washington, D.C., where a 53-mile-wide crater lies buried beneath Chesapeake Bay—the scar left when a two-mile-wide rock smashed into the seafloor 35 million years ago. More notorious is the titan, six miles in diameter, that barreled into the Gulf of Mexico around 65 million years ago, releasing thousands of times more energy than all the nuclear weapons on the planet combined. “The whole Earth burned that day,” says Ed Lu, a physicist and former astronaut. Three-quarters of all life-forms, including the dinosaurs, went extinct.
Astronomers have identified several hundred asteroids big enough to cause a planet­wide disaster. None is on course to do so in our lifetimes. But the heavens teem with smaller, far more numerous asteroids that could strike in the near future, with devastating effects. On June 30, 1908, an object the size of a 15-story building fell in a remote part of Siberia called Tunguska. The object—an asteroid or a small comet—exploded a few miles before impact, scorching and blowing down trees across 800 square miles. The night sky was so bright with dust from the explosion, or icy clouds from the water vapor it blasted into the upper atmosphere, that for days people in Europe could read newspapers outdoors at night. On Tunguska’s hundredth anniversary, it’s unsettling to note that objects this size crash into Earth every few centuries or so...Every day, dozens of tons of detritus from outer space—dust from comets, tiny shards of asteroids—burn up in the Earth’s upper atmosphere, leaving bright meteor trails at night. Most days a chunk or two of rock or metal, fist size or bigger, survives the fiery plunge. ..Since then, there have been some spectacular near misses. On August 10, 1972, an object around 15 feet across and weighing 150 tons skipped off the upper atmosphere. Hundreds of eyewitnesses saw the glowing streak, dazzling on a sunny afternoon, as it traversed the sky from Utah to Alberta before whizzing back out into space. On March 22, 1989, a rock as much as a thousand feet across came within a few hundred thousand miles of Earth—an uncomfortably close shave. ..Erosion and vegetation have erased most of the scars left by impacts in the geologic past. Perhaps the best preserved lies about half an hour east of Flagstaff, Arizona. .. Fifty thousand years ago this was a forested plain inhabited by mammoths, giant ground sloths, and other Ice Age animals. Shoemaker, an asteroid expert with the Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, imagines the day the sky fell. “Suddenly, there’s a terrific, brilliant light,” she says. In a flash, a searing-hot iron-nickel mass, 150 feet wide and weighing 300,000 tons, tears into the Coconino sandstone, flinging boulders and molten iron for miles. A blast of wind more powerful than any earthly tornado scours the landscape. ..If Edward Teller is the father of the hydrogen bomb, Simonenko is the father of the asteroid bomb. In the mid-1960s the superpowers dreamed of using their nuclear arsenals for peaceful purposes, such as leveling mountains and digging canals. Simonenko, a new recruit to the lab, was asked to study the effects of a torpedo-shaped charge that would explode laterally, ideal for earthmoving. It occurred to him that such a device could also be used to deflect an object in space. He told his boss, who laughed and ordered the eager young physicist to get back to work.
Though nuclear excavation never became a reality, Simonenko went on studying nuclear asteroid deflection. He and Voloshin concluded that the best way to deflect an asteroid up to a mile or so wide would be to detonate a nuclear charge nearby. The intense radiation would fry the surface, driving off a "sacrificial layer" of rock. The expanding vapor would act as a rocket motor, nudging the asteroid onto a new trajectory. For a smaller, Tunguska-size rock, Simonenko says, "it would be simpler: We vaporize it."
Simonenko has a brother-in-arms in nuclear physicist David Dearborn of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in northern California. Dearborn's day job is determining whether the aging weapons in the U.S. nuclear stockpile are reliable. In his spare time, he ponders asteroid defense. He, too, favors a standoff nuclear blast. "Not too close—then the blast is too intense, and things shatter too much. And not too far, or you don't get enough energy."
Although it may be technically straightforward to dust off a few warheads and sling them at an asteroid, deciding whether to press the red button—and which nation gets to press it—could be excruciating. First, the nation with its finger on the trigger would have to withdraw from the Outer Space Treaty, which bans the use of nuclear weapons in space. But if catastrophe looms, says Dearborn, "people would really have to say, 'Can we be brighter than the dinosaurs?'"

[Note, this last part is probably incorrect. The OST forbits the stationing of weapons of mass destruction is space, but a nuclear device for the purpose of asteroid deflection would be nothing of the kind, but rather a form of Nuclear Propulsion, which is specifically allowed. However, in order to TEST such a device, a country would have to withdraw (or amend) the Limited Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty, which forbids the testing of any sort of nuclear explosion in space]

New Clovis-Age Comet Impact Theory

From: http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/New_Clovis_Age_Comet_Impact_Theory_999.html

Two University of Oregon researchers are on a multi-institutional 26-member team proposing a startling new theory: that an extraterrestrial impact, possibly a comet, set off a 1,000-year-long cold spell and wiped out or fragmented the prehistoric Clovis culture and a variety of animal genera across North America almost 13,000 years ago...Kennett said that 35 animal genera went extinct at the end of the Pleistocene, with at least 15 clearly being wiped out close to 12,900 years ago. There would have been major ecological shifts, driving Clovis survivors into isolated groups in search of food and warmth. There is evidence, he said, that pockets of Clovis people survived in refugia, especially in the western United States.

From: http://archaeology.about.com/b/2007/05/30/did-an-exploding-comet-end-clovis.htm

Researchers argue that the theory explains why the Murray Springs site in Arizona has a thick carbon mat, a deposit similar in age and context to ones seen at other Paleoindian sites such as Lindenmeier (Colorado), Hell Gap (Wyoming), and Lange-Ferguson (South Dakota). The radiocarbon dates on the mat are uniformly about 10,800 +/- 200.

More at: http://allendale-expedition.net/publications/comet.pdf

http://media.www.dailyemerald.com/media/storage/paper859/news/2007/11/28/News/The-End.Of.An.ice.Age-3119506.shtml
Researchers say the comet - a ball of ice, rock and dust from outer space - hit the Laurentide ice sheet in Canada."It wouldn't have left a crater because it would have exploded and sent a shower of debris and chunks of ice," said Erlandson, adding the impact would have been ice on ice.Heat from impact may have sparked fires across the continent, and the melting of the ice sheet may have caused flooding. Researchers say the comet may have contributed to human population reduction and localized animal extinction.Researchers say the comet may have helped cause a cold climate period that lasted for about 1,300 years, called the Younger Dryas, and may have wiped out or fragmented the prehistoric Clovis tribe. A carbon-rich black layer found at more than 50 sites around North America is evidence for the impact, according to the article published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The layer contains iridium, carbon spherules and fullerenes with helium 3. Evidence of mammoths and other animals, along with early human hunters, are found beneath the black mat, but are missing within or above the strip.More evidence is found in the Carolina Bays, which are depressions from New Jersey to Florida. Erlandson says the depressions point toward the ice sheet, possibly a result of the comet.The theory, which is known as the "YDB Comet Theory," was first proposed by University of California at Santa Barbara paleoceanographer James Kennett, Douglas Kennett's father, Richard Firestone of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and Arizona researcher Allen West. Douglas Kennett often collaborates with his father.

Big Bang In Antarctica: Killer Crater Found Under Ice

From: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/06/060601174729.htm or

http://www.physorg.com/printnews.php?newsid=68455520

Big Bang In Antarctica: Killer Crater Found Under Ice
ScienceDaily (June 1, 2006) — Planetary scientists have found evidence of a meteor impact much larger and earlier than the one that killed the dinosaurs -- an impact that they believe caused the biggest mass extinction in Earth's history.
The 300-mile-wide crater lies hidden more than a mile beneath the East Antarctic Ice Sheet. And the gravity measurements that reveal its existence suggest that it could date back about 250 million years -- the time of the Permian-Triassic extinction, when almost all animal life on Earth died out.
Its size and location -- in the Wilkes Land region of East Antarctica, south of Australia -- also suggest that it could have begun the breakup of the Gondwana supercontinent by creating the tectonic rift that pushed Australia northward.
Scientists believe that the Permian-Triassic extinction paved the way for the dinosaurs to rise to prominence. The Wilkes Land crater is more than twice the size of the Chicxulub crater in the Yucatan peninsula, which marks the impact that may have ultimately killed the dinosaurs 65 million years ago. The Chicxulub meteor is thought to have been 6 miles wide, while the Wilkes Land meteor could have been up to 30 miles wide -- four or five times wider.
"This Wilkes Land impact is much bigger than the impact that killed the dinosaurs, and probably would have caused catastrophic damage at the time," said Ralph von Frese, a professor of geological sciences at Ohio State University...The scientists used gravity fluctuations measured by NASA's GRACE satellites to peer beneath Antarctica's icy surface, and found a 200-mile-wide plug of mantle material -- a mass concentration, or "mascon" in geological parlance -- that had risen up into the Earth's crust.
Mascons are the planetary equivalent of a bump on the head. They form where large objects slam into a planet's surface. Upon impact, the denser mantle layer bounces up into the overlying crust, which holds it in place beneath the crater.
..."There are at least 20 impact craters this size or larger on the moon, so it is not surprising to find one here," he continued. "The active geology of the Earth likely scrubbed its surface clean of many more." ..."On the moon, you can look at craters, and the mascons are still there," von Frese said. "But on Earth, it's unusual to find mascons, because the planet is geologically active. The interior eventually recovers and the mascon goes away." He cited the very large and much older Vredefort crater in South Africa that must have once had a mascon, but no evidence of it can be seen now. ..Approximately 100 million years ago, Australia split from the ancient Gondwana supercontinent and began drifting north, pushed away by the expansion of a rift valley into the eastern Indian Ocean. The rift cuts directly through the crater, so the impact may have helped the rift to form, von Frese said.
But the more immediate effects of the impact would have devastated life on Earth.
"All the environmental changes that would have resulted from the impact would have created a highly caustic environment that was really hard to endure. So it makes sense that a lot of life went extinct at that time," he said.

Witness Account of Ancient Asteroid Destruction?

From: http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/science/article3649054.ece
A clay tablet that has baffled scientists for 150 years has been identified as a witness’s account of the asteroid suspected of being behind the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah. Researchers who cracked the cuneiform symbols on the Planisphere tablet believe that it recorded an asteroid thought to have been more than half a mile across...He said the size and route of the asteroid meant that it was likely to have crashed into the Austrian Alps at Köfels. As it travelled close to the ground it would have left a trail of destruction from supersonic shock waves and then slammed into the Earth with a cataclysmic impact. Debris consisting of up to two thirds of the asteroid would have been hurled back along its route and a flash reaching temperatures of 400C (752F) would have been created, killing anyone in its path. About one million sq km (386,000 sq miles) would have been devastated and the impact would have been equivalent to more than 1,000 tonnes of TNT exploding. Dr Hempsall said that at least 20 ancient myths record devastation of the type and on the scale of the asteroid’s impact, including the Old Testament tale of the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah and the Ancient Greek myth of how Phaeton, son of Helios, fell into the River Eridanus after losing control of his father’s sun chariot.

http://blog.beliefnet.com/feilerfaster/2008/05/did-an-asteroid-cause-sodom-an.html had some more details, and brought up something I had not previously heard:

Wikipedia says:
An alternative theory, first suggested in 1882, is that the Great Chicago Fire was caused by a meteor shower. At a 2004 conference of the Aerospace Corporation and the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, engineer and physicist Robert Wood suggested that the fire began when Biela's Comet broke up over the Midwest and rained down below. That four large fires took place, all on the same day, all on the shores of Lake Michigan (see Related Events), suggests a common root cause. Eyewitnesses reported sighting spontaneous ignitions, lack of smoke, "balls of fire" falling from the sky, and blue flames. According to Wood, these accounts suggest that the fires were caused by the methane that is commonly found in comets.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1871_Great_Chicago_Fire

And then there is the Hindu Mahabharata narrative, which records:
Gurkha flying in his swift and powerful Vimana hurled against the three cities of the Vrishis and Andhakas a single projectile charged with all the power of the Universe. An incandescent column of smoke and flame as bright as the thousand suns rose in all its splendor. An iron thunderbolt, a gigantic messenger of death, which reduced to ashes the entire race of the Vrishnis and the Andhakas. The corpses were so burned as to be unrecognizable. The hair and nails fell out; pottery broke without apparent cause, and the birds turned white.... after a few hours all foodstuffs were infected.... to escape from this fire, the soldiers threw themselves in streams to wash themselves and their equipment..."

A discussion with other references and an alternate explanation can be found here:

http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/68842

Harvest the Sun, Beam it Down

O. Glenn Smith was on NPR today talking about SBSP.
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=93029434
See http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/23/opinion/23smith.html

New Viral Space Solar Video

Asteroid cruises past Earth ... with a partner!

http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25677351/ By Robert Roy Britt Space.com updated 2:36 p.m. ET, Mon., July. 14, 2008

Good-sized asteroid sailing past our planet turns out to be two giant rocks

A good-sized asteroid sailing past our planet right now turns out to be two giant rocks doing a celestial jig.
The setup, catalogued as 2008 BT18, was thought to be nearly a half-mile wide after its discovery by MIT's LINEAR search program in January. Nothing else was known about it.
Now seen as two objects orbiting each other, the pair will be closest to Earth on today, at about 1.4 million miles (2 million kilometers) away. That's nearly six times as far from us as the moon.
It will not strike the planet. But scientists want to learn more about binary asteroids because one day they might find one headed our way. Deflecting a binary off course could be considerably more challenging that altering the path of a single rock.
Radar observations from the Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico on July 6 and 7 "clearly show two objects," said Lance Benner of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
The objects are estimated to be 1,970 feet (600 meters) and 650 feet (200 meters) in diameter. The larger one rotates upon its axis in 3 hours or less.
Additional observations from NASA's Goldstone radar in the Mojave Desert in California are expected to reveal more about the density, shapes and orbit of the pair.
Asteroids are often loose rubble piles rather than solid objects, and pairs are common. Scientists announced earlier this month that binaries can be created when energy from sunlight splits a loose asteroid in two.
While most asteroids roam in a belt between Mars and Jupiter, some are kicked or drawn inward and cross our path around the sun. Some 15 percent of these near-Earth asteroids are binaries. But few come so close.
Asteroid 2008 BT18 remains classified by NASA as "potentially hazardous" because its future orbits have not been fully determined.
Asteroids are known to change course over time, and in fact one big boulder, named Apophis, will alter course significantly during a close Earth flyby in 2029. Earth's gravity will bend the rocks' trajectory around the sun. Depending on how that interaction plays out, Apophis has a minor chance of hitting the planet in 2036. Scientists expect the odds of impact to diminish or evaporate after the first flyby, however.

Killer asteroid predictions 'off by millions of miles'

From:
http://www.newscientist.com/home.ns 15 July 2008David ShigaMagazine issue 2664
The solar system's most dangerous rock, Apophis, could be more of a threat to Earth than thought. YOU'D think that by now we'd have a firm grip on the trajectory of the solar system's most worrisome chunk of rock. In fact we have only a hazy understanding of how likely the asteroid Apophis is to strike Earth. What's more, budget cuts may shut down the telescope that could clarify the situation.
Since Apophis was discovered in 2004, asteroid-watchers have known that it has a slim chance of hitting Earth in 2036. At 270 metres wide, it is too small to rival the object that wiped out the dinosaurs, but it could cause devastating tsunamis were it to hit the ocean. Worrying as this is, we have been able to take comfort in the computed probability of impact, which is just 1 in 45,000.
Now it seems the true risk is unclear, thanks to minute effects that the calculations didn't take into account.

Maybe Chicken Little Wasn’t Paranoid After All

From: http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/06/weekinreview/06revkin.html?ref=scienceJuly 6,
By ANDREW C. REVKIN
THE Earth is pockmarked with the evidence of ancient collisions — huge craters blasted into its surface by asteroids or comets. One such object, striking 65 million years ago in the Yucatán in Mexico, is believed by some experts to be linked to the demise of the dinosaurs.
For a decade, NASA has been busy trying to identify what else is headed this way, particularly those potential “civilization killers” of 1 kilometer (.62 miles) or more in diameter that have orbits coming within 30 million miles of the Earth’s — too close for comfort by space standards.
But the big ones are, in many ways, the easy part. Smaller rocks matter, too. Perhaps nowhere is that so evident as in central Siberia, where 100 years ago last week, something — presumably a meteoroid, most experts say — streaked across the sky and exploded at an estimated height of 28,000 feet with a force equivalent to 185 Hiroshima bombs, leveling some 800 square miles of forest. Simulations by the Sandia National Laboratories showed that object could have been just 90 feet across.
The explosion that lit up the Siberian sky in a fireball shortly after 7 a.m. on June 30, 1908, is known as the Tunguska event, after the river the flows through the damage zone, and is widely considered the modern-day warning about the dangers slinging through space.
NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif., has estimated that a Tunguska-size asteroid will enter Earth’s atmosphere once every 300 years and says there may be 375,000 objects of such size out there.
Fortunately, the odds are good that the next one will fall over one of our oceans, which take up more than two-thirds of the Earth’s surface, or the planet’s still-vast stretches of uninhabited lands. How much in taxpayer dollars should be invested to pinpoint such hazards is one of the toughest risk-management exercises around.
Donald K. Yeomans, who manages the jet propulsion lab’s Near-Earth Object Program, said the Earth’s atmosphere is continually streaked by space stuff, ranging from the basketball-size (several a day) to the Volkswagen-size (twice a year). Almost everything burns up, though some may explode in the air, a phenomenon known as an airburst, with the potential of causing damage below. And then there are objects, like the meteorite that dug a 60-foot-wide crater in Peru last September. Perhaps no bigger than a basketball, the meteorite was a reminder of the destructive power of what is lurking out there.
“In fact, there was a daylight fireball event widely observed near Los Angeles two days ago,” Dr. Yeomans said in an e-mail message last Thursday. “I take these events as Mother Nature’s little reminders that we need to pay attention, find and track the large ones and then deflect the very few that threaten us. Tunguska was another reminder. Until recently, we humans did not pay heed to these shots across the bow but now, I think, there is more of a recognition of this low probability — but high consequence — type of event.”
NASA estimates that there are about 940 or so near-Earth space rocks a kilometer in diameter or larger. So far, according to Dr. Yeomans, NASA has identified 743. (Overall, NASA has pinpointed more than 5,500 near-Earth objects.)
Budget constraints have slowed NASA’s efforts to meet its goal of identifying 90 percent of those big objects by next year. As for rocks similar in size to the one that exploded over Siberia, a NASA search is probably a long way down the line.
Even so, one way or the other, many more potential incoming asteroids will be identified in the next decade, astronomers say. But awareness is just the first stage of grappling with the challenge, said Rusty Schweickart, the Apollo 9 astronaut who heads a foundation advocating more research on identifying near-Earth objects and developing unmanned spacecraft that could nudge them off track like a tugboat.
Mr. Schweickart said progress so far had come through constant pushing against resistant bureaucracies and politicians focused on whatever is the issue of the moment. And he said there was still no significant effort to devise an international agreement, let alone a deflection technique, for dealing with the inevitable earthbound asteroid or comet, large or small, when it is identified.
“It may be subtle,” he said, “but failure of the international decision process is the most likely reason that we’ll take a hit in the future.”

Hot super-Earths could support life, study indicates.

New Scientist <http://links.mkt751.com/ctt?kn=5&m=1942320&r=MTU4OTU3MDEyMAS2&b=0&j=OTU5OTkyMTkS1&mt=1> (7/11, Than) reported, "Massive, rocky worlds called 'super-Earths' -- even those orbiting searingly close to their stars -- may provide the right conditions for life," according to researchers. According to Lisa Kaltenegger of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, "new models show that if a tidally locked super-Earth has an atmosphere at least as dense as Earth's, strong winds could transport heat from its hot side to its cold side," as could a global ocean. Previously it had been thought that "the atmospheres of such worlds would quickly vanish, as water vapor and other atmospheric molecules on the planet's dark side would turn to ice and plunge to the ground." The new finding "means super-Earths could potentially host life as close as 0.05 astronomical units away from dim stars known as red dwarfs, which make up about 85 percent of the stars in the galaxy." Further, some experts say, "super-Earths might even be more likely to support life than their Earth-sized cousins" as they would likely "experience more plate tectonic activity," which is seen as "necessary for life."

10 Audacious Ideas to Save the Planet

From: http://www.popsci.com/environment/article/2008-06/10-audacious-ideas-save-planet

10 Audacious Ideas to Save the Planet Popular Science June 13, 2008

To rescue the Earth, we need bold engineering ideas that go beyond simple recycling

Making a dent in the climate crisis is going to take more than solar panels and recycled toilet paper. Scientists are finding ever more creative ways (pig pee! DIY tornadoes! mini nuclear reactors!) to clean up the Earth
Beaming Electricity from Space
The Vision Launch giant solar panels into orbit and send limitless clean energy back to Earth
The Plan By 2030, Japan hopes to pull its power from the heavens instead of from polluting coal plants. The idea is to send satellites into geostationary orbit above the equator, where they will unfurl 1.5-mile-long solar arrays and soak up the sun 24 hours a day. Transmitters mounted on the satellites would convert the solar energy into microwave energy and beam it down to terrestrial receiving stations. Equipped with massive antennas measuring two miles across, each station would produce one gigawatt of electricity—enough to power 500,000 homes. That’s twice as much as a typical coal-fired plant, and without any of the greenhouse emissions.
Putting solar panels in space has one obvious advantage: It’s never cloudy 22,000 miles up. On average, there’s 8 to 10 times as much sunlight available in space as there is on Earth, where atmosphere and weather get in the way. Now, with satellite launch costs dropping (about five thousand dollars per pound today, versus $12,000 per pound a decade ago) and energy bills rising (already double what they were in 2005), researchers are finally warming to the idea.
Later this year, in fact, the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) plans to test the idea on the ground, blasting a microwave beam some 170 feet to a 6.5-foot-wide rectenna, a type of receiver that converts microwaves into DC electricity. Not as glamorous as beaming rays from space, but it’s a vital first step.
Potential Uh-Ohs One frightful but improbable scenario is that the microwave beam misses the receiving antenna and fries something on Earth’s surface. Like a village. To mitigate that risk, JAXA scientists are developing an automated detection system that turns off the microwave beam if the satellite drifts out of line.
ETA JAXA aims to launch its first energy-beaming satellite into orbit by 2013, with a network of powersats that feed energy directly into the grid to follow by 2030.—Rena Marie Pacella

45 New Planets! Phoenix confirms water on Mars and Genetic Material on Meteorite!

Researchers discover forty five new planets.
USA Today (6/17, Vergano) reports, "Nearby stars probably abound with planets only slightly larger than our own," according to researchers from of Switzerland's University of Geneva Observatory, which "reported the discovery of 45 of these 'super-Earth" planets" through two studies. However, "[a]ll of the planets, including a solar system of three super-Earths reported by team leader Michel Mayor of Switzerland's University of Geneva Observatory, orbit too close to their stars to harbor life." Still, said Mayor, "what is exciting is that we can say about one-third of stars have these kind of low-mass planets."
The New York Times (6/17, Overbye) notes that, according to Mayor, "[t]heories of planet formation...hold that smaller planets like super-Earths and Neptunes should be numerous." And, some astronomers say, "the new results indicated that when their instruments got sensitive enough to detect even smaller planets, such planets would be there to be found." The Times noted that "Dr. Mayor and his team discovered the first so-called exoplanet orbiting a regular star, known as Pegasi 51, in 1995." Since that time, "some 270 exoplanets have been discovered, many of them like the original, so-called hot Jupiters in lethal scorching embraces of their stars."

The AFP (6/17) adds, "The recent batch of exoplanets were all spotted with the High-Accuracy Radial-Velocity Planet Searcher (HARPS), a 3.6-meter telescope and spectograph perched atop La Scilla mountain at the southern edge of Chile's Atacama Desert." The instrument "has uncovered 45 super-Earths since it began operation in 2004."
Reuters (6/17, Fox) points out that none of the planets "can be imaged directly at such distances but can be spotted indirectly using radio waves or, in the case of HARPS, spectrographic measurements. As a planet orbits, it makes the star wobble very slightly and this can be measured." Stephane Udry, a contributing researcher, said, "With the advent of much more precise instruments such as the HARPS spectrograph...we can now discover smaller planets, with masses between 2 and 10 times the Earth's mass." The AP (6/17, Borenstein), Space.com (6/16, Bryner), National Geographic (6/16, Minard), the BBC (6/17) and the Tech Herald (6/17, Bowden) also report the story.

Earth-size planets give some researchers hope for finding alien life.
On the front page of its Science Times section, the New York Times (6/24, F1, Angier) continues reporting on the Geneva Observatory's recent finding "that many Sun-size stars in our galaxy are girdled with Earth-size planets." Although the 45 planets discovered are likely too close to their stars to harbor life, "researchers are confident that other rocky planets remain to be found at Earthier distances from their suns." Planetary theorist Sara Seager noted, "As soon as astronomers started looking for low-mass planets, they found a whole bunch, and that's a real breakthrough." As a result, some researchers "suspect that life abounds" in the universe, "at least of the microbial kind." The Times notes that "astronomers have high hopes for the Kepler spacecraft to be launched in February." The spacecraft will search "for 'tiny drops in brightness,' possible signs of a planet transiting across [a] distant Sun's face," focusing on "100,000 stars for four years." With this information, scientists "can pick out the places most worthy of follow-up probes."

From: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25350155/

Astronomers on verge of finding Earth's twin
Planet hunters say doppelgänger is almost surely hiding in our galaxy

Planet hunters say it's just a matter of time before they lasso Earth's twin, which almost surely is hiding somewhere in our star-studded galaxy.
Momentum is building: Just last week, astronomers announced they had discovered three super-Earths — worlds more massive than ours but small enough to most likely be rocky — orbiting a single star. And dozens of other worlds suspected of having masses in that same range were found around other stars.
"Being able to find three Earth-mass planets around a single star really makes the point that not only may many stars have one Earth, but they may very well have a couple of Earths," said Alan Boss, a planet formation theorist at the Carnegie Institution of Washington in Washington, D.C.

Since the early 1990s, when the first planets outside of our solar system were detected orbiting the pulsar PSR 1257, astronomers have identified nearly 300 such worlds. However, most of them are gas giants called hot Jupiters that orbit close to their stars because, simply, they are easier to find.
"So far we've found Jupiters and Saturns, and now our technology is becoming good enough to detect planets smaller, more like the size of Uranus and Neptune, and even smaller," said one of the top planet hunters on this world, Geoff Marcy of the University of California, Berkeley....With upgrades in spectrometers and digital cameras attached to telescopes, astronomers' eyes have become more sensitive to relatively tiny stellar wobbles (measured by changes in certain wavelengths of light) and dips in starlight from ever smaller planets.
The discovery of super-Earths announced last week reflects this technological leap. ...The ultimate goal of planet-hunting projects is to find Earth twins.
"We are looking for twins of the Earth, analogs that walk and talk and smell like our own Earth," Marcy said during a telephone interview. He is currently looking for super-Earths using the W.M. Keck Observatory in Hawaii. ..."I suspect there are Earth-like planets with lakes and rivers and waterfalls and deep glacial gorges and that are spectacularly beautiful," Marcy said.
Finding a planet ...The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), scheduled for launch in 2013, could do just that. ...But first things first. "There's no doubt that other Earths exist, simply due to the sheer vast numbers of other stars and galaxies in our universe," Marcy said. "There's a deeper question — how common are Earth-like planets? Are Earth-like planets a dime a dozen, or are they quite rare, quirky precious planets that are one in a thousand or one in a million?"

NASA Phoenix Lander finds Water Ice! (From NSS Downlink)

Scientists have confirmed that the substance from just beneath the surface of Mars, dug up by the Phoenix lander, is water ice. This find has scientists excited about other big discoveries that are possible in the upcoming weeks.Phoenix has the capability to analyze the soil and ice to see whether Mars has ever been accommodating for microbial life. Project scientists will look for evidence of water in liquid form and organic compounds that could have provided chemical building blocks and energy for life.

From: http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20080613/sc_afp/spacesciencebiochemistrybiology_080613180404

PARIS (AFP) - Genetic material from outer space found in a meteorite in Australia may well have played a key role in the origin of life on Earth, according to a study to be published Sunday.

European and US scientists have proved for the first time that two bits of genetic coding, called nucleobases, contained in the meteor fragment, are truly extraterrestrial. Previous studies had suggested that the space rocks, which hit Earth some 40 years ago, might have been contaminated upon impact. Both of the molecules identified, uracil and xanthine, "are present in our DNA and RNA," said lead author Zita Martins, a researcher at Imperial College London. RNA, or ribonucleic acid, is another key part of the genetic coding that makes up our bodies. These molecules would also have been essential to the still-mysterious alchemy that somehow gave rise, some four billion years ago, to life itself. "We know that meteorites very similar to the Murchison meteorite, which is the one we analysed, were delivering the building blocks of life to Earth 3.8 to 4.5 billion years ago," Martins told AFP in an interview. Competing theories suggest that nucleobases were synthesised closer to home, but Martins counters that the atmospheric conditions of early Earth would have rendered that process difficult or impossible. A team of European and US scientists showed that the two types of molecules in the Australian meteorite contained a heavy form of carbon -- carbon 13 -- which could only have been formed in space. "We believe early life may have adopted nucleobases from meteoric fragments for use in genetic coding, enabling them to pass on their successful features to subsequent generations," Martins said. If so, this would have been the start of an evolutionary process leading over billions of years to all the flora and fauna -- including human beings -- in existence today. The study, published in Earth Planetary Science Letters, also has implications for life on other planets. "Because meteorities represent leftover materials from the formation of the solar system, the key components of life -- including nucleobases -- could be widespread in the cosmos," said co-author Mark Sephton, also at Imperial College London. "As more and more of life's raw materials are discovered in objects from space, the possibility of life springing forth wherever the right chemistry is present becomes more likely," he said. Uracil is an organic compound found in RNA, where it binds in a genetic base pair with another molecule, adenine. Xanthine is not directly part of RNA or DNA, but participates in a series of chemical reactions inside the RNA of cells. The two types of nucleobases and the ratio of light-to-heavy carbon molecules were identified through gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, technologies that were not available during earlier analyses of the now-famous meteorite. Even so, said Martins, the process was extremely laborious and time-consuming, one reason it had not be carried out up to now by other scientists.

House Passes HR 6063

HR 6063 contained some significant language about Planetary Defense...BRAVO!:

TITLE VIII--NEAR-EARTH OBJECTS
SEC. 801. IN GENERAL.
The Congress reaffirms the policy direction established in the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Authorization Act of 2005 (Public Law 109-155) for NASA to detect, track, catalogue, and characterize the physical characteristics of near-Earth objects equal to or greater than 140 meters in diameter. NASA's Near-Earth Object program activities will also provide benefits to NASA's scientific and exploration activities.
SEC. 802. FINDINGS.
Congress makes the following findings:
(1) Near-Earth objects pose a serious and credible threat to humankind, as many scientists believe that a major asteroid or comet was responsible for the mass extinction of the majority of the Earth's species, including the dinosaurs, nearly 65,000,000 years ago.
(2) Several such near-Earth objects have only been discovered within days of the objects' closest approach to Earth and recent discoveries of such large objects indicate that many large near-Earth objects remain undiscovered.
(3) Asteroid and comet collisions rank as one of the most costly natural disasters that can occur.
(4) The time needed to eliminate or mitigate the threat of a collision of a potentially hazardous near-Earth object with Earth is measured in decades.
(5) Unlike earthquakes and hurricanes, asteroids and comets can provide adequate collision information, enabling the United States to include both asteroid-collision and comet-collision disaster recovery and disaster avoidance in its public-safety structure.
(6) Basic information is needed for technical and policy decisionmaking for the United States to create a comprehensive program in order to be ready to eliminate and mitigate the serious and credible threats to humankind posed by potentially hazardous near-Earth asteroids and comets.
(7) As a first step to eliminate and to mitigate the risk of such collisions, situation and decision analysis processes, as well as procedures and system resources, must be in place well before a collision threat becomes known.
SEC. 803. REQUESTS FOR INFORMATION.
The Administrator shall issue requests for information on--
(1) a low-cost space mission with the purpose of rendezvousing with, attaching a tracking device, and characterizing the Apophis asteroid, which scientists estimate will in 2029 pass at a distance from Earth that is closer than geostationary satellites; and
(2) a medium-sized space mission with the purpose of detecting near-Earth objects equal to or greater than 140 meters in diameter.
SEC. 804. ESTABLISHMENT OF POLICY.
Not later than 2 years after the date of enactment of this Act, the Director of OSTP shall--
(1) develop a policy for notifying Federal agencies and relevant emergency response institutions of an impending near-Earth object threat, if near term public safety is at stake; and
(2) recommend a Federal agency or agencies to be responsible for protecting the Nation from a near-Earth object that is anticipated to collide with Earth and implementing a deflection campaign, in consultation with international bodies, should one be required.
SEC. 805. PLANETARY RADAR CAPABILITY.
The Administrator shall maintain a planetary radar that is, at minimum, comparable to the capability provided through the NASA Deep Space Network Goldstone facility.
SEC. 806. ARECIBO OBSERVATORY.
Congress reiterates its support for the use of the Arecibo Observatory for NASA-funded near-Earth object-related activities. The Administrator shall ensure the availability of the Arecibo Observatory's planetary radar to support these activities until the National Academies' review of NASA's approach for the survey and deflection of near-Earth objects, including a determination of the role of Arecibo, that was directed to be undertaken by the Fiscal Year 2008 Omnibus Appropriations Act, is completed.
SEC. 807. INTERNATIONAL RESOURCES.
It is the sense of Congress that, since an estimated 25,000 asteroids of concern have yet to be discovered and monitored, the United States should seek to obtain commitments for cooperation from other nations with significant resources for contributing to a thorough and timely search for such objects and an identification of their characteristics
SEC. 1106. INNOVATION PRIZES.
(a) In General- Prizes can play a useful role in encouraging innovation in the development of technologies and products that can assist NASA in its aeronautics and space activities, and the use of such prizes by NASA should be encouraged.
(b) Amendments- Section 314 of the National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958 is amended--
(1) by amending subsection (b) to read as follows:
`(b) Topics- In selecting topics for prize competitions, the Administrator shall consult widely both within and outside the Federal Government, and may empanel advisory committees. The Administrator shall give consideration to prize goals such as the demonstration of the ability to provide energy to the lunar surface from space-based solar power systems, demonstration of innovative near-Earth object survey and deflection strategies, and innovative approaches to improving the safety and efficiency of aviation systems.'; and
(2) in subsection (i)(4) by striking `$10,000,000' and inserting `$50,000,000'.

Iowa State takes Leadership in Planetary Defense

Kudo's to Iowa State for taking leadership!

From: http://blog.wired.com/wiredscience/2008/05/iowa-state-esta.html

Asteroid deflection is one of those topics that draws an eclectic mix of serious NASA engineers, professors, and crazy people.
To help sort through decades of scientific research and a century of science fiction, Iowa State university professor Bong Wie is establishing the first-ever Asteroid Deflection Research Center.
The Center will look at all available technologies that could be deployed to some day keep a space rock from slamming into the Earth and ending civilization.
"As of 2008, there is no consensus among professionals which approach or technology can be actually used when we have to use it," Wie told Wired.com. "So, therefore, we created this center to bring the experts from around the world together to [undertake] open-minded technical study."
Scientists believe the Earth has been hit several times by asteroids large enough to radically alter the planet. Sixty-five million years ago, a 6-mile-wide asteroid struck the Yucatan peninsula creating an enormous crater and probably leading to the extinction of most life on Earth at the time, including the dinosaurs. More recently, an 50-meter asteroid exploded just above the ground in Siberia with the force of 500 atomic bombs, leveling trees for miles around. Given the high stakes, Wie considers developing a strategy to push an asteroid off a collision path with Earth to be an underaddressed problem.
"No one is taking any responsibility for this problem," Wie said.

Space Solar Caballeros get Space Pioneer Award

THE 2008 SPACE PIONEER AWARD
FOR SPACE DEVELOPMENT
PRESENTED BY
THE NATIONAL SPACE SOCIETY TO

THE CABALLEROS:
Col Mike Hornitschek, USAF
Col M. V. “Coyote” Smith, USAF
Lt Col Peter Garretson, USAF
LtCol Paul Damphousse, USMC

With Support from
Maj Gen James Armor (Ret) of the
National Security Space Office

AT THE 27th INTERNATIONAL
SPACE DEVELOPMENT CONFERENCE
WASHINGTON, DC, MAY 28-JUNE 1, 2008

This Award is presented in recognition that the Caballeros, working with the National Security Space Office, were instrumental in creating the initial concept and momentum that resulted in the Space Based Solar Power Architecture Study, the SBSPAS symposium, and subsequent media and other events. This process has re-invigorated the concept of Space Solar Power and created a wave of favorable media attention which has not been equaled since the original Solar Power Satellite studies from 1977-1980, and which is still continuing. The Caballeros and the NSS gratefully acknowledge the assistance of many other individuals whose efforts were critical in creating a continuing process that once again is attempting to lead America and the World toward a source of abundant, clean and inexpensive energy for Humanity.

We need an Expose!

A couple days ago, someone asked me, why, with so much good -- almost nightly -- education about the Planetary Defense problem, why was there so little being done?

I think it is because it has stayed in the Science arena, and people have not yet placed it in the Policy arena, and in particular the Security arena. At ISDC, SFF's Charles Miller characterized the current lack of clear responsiblity as irresponsible and unsupportable. The panel (which featured only NASA and no DoD representatives) declined to provide a clear opinion. Another questioner made the point that if someone from the DoD said, "Mr. President, there is a 1 in 300 chance that Al Qaeda will detonate a nuke somehwere on Earth."--you'd bet they'd get more than $4 million a year to prevent it. Dr. Pascal Lee, who was also on the panel suggested the President declare them WMD's (wanderers of mass destruction).

So what we need is NOT another edutainment program on comet or asteroid strikes, we need a 20/20 or 60 minutes expose:

STRATCOM, you have responsibility for WMD & Space, every day you see the satelite feeds, you are the primary customer for the Space Situational Awareness network, do you meen to say you don't have a scenario?

NORTHCOM & DoHS & FEMA, you do domestic emergency planning; you watch the same TV programs, do you meen to tell us you have no such contingency plan?

AIR FORCE, you purport to protect America in space, what have / are you doing to mitigate a potential threat? Isn't this within your competencies? Aren't you ashamed to have NASA fillin in for your Space Situational Awareness?

Air Force Space Command, you run wargames, tell me why you have never run one on this topic? Is the protection of the American people not a concern? You've had decades of internal advocates from SpaceCast2020 to AF2025 to today, why haven't you stepped up to it?

OSD & Joint Staff, you write trends and shocks, you see the same TV we do, why is this not included in your shocks?

Missile Defense Command & DTRA, you have responsibility for incoming threats and WMD problems, you mean you have no contingency plans?

National Security Space Office, you coordinate across all these agencies, why have you not provided a recommendation or initiated an architecture study? You know about the statistics, that there are about 5415 NEOs of which some 743 are a kilometer or larger that would cause global devastation; you know that 953 of those are potentially hazardous, and that if we were to do a proper survey, there are probably 400,000 NEOs of 45 m in diameter and that 30 m is large enough to penetrate the atmosphere and decimate a city the size of DC, and that we barely know where 90% of the asteroids 1km are, and haven't a clue about those smaller than 140m. And that is the easy problem. Comets, which can come much faster with less warning must also be considered, with some 1,000 known Kuiper Belt Objects, and perhaps 50,000-100,000 more, and then at least 1,000 planetary bodies in the Oort Cloud, some as larger or larger then the Earth and perhaps a Trillion Comets.

Dr. Bong Wie of University of Iowa really puts things in perspective in one of his briefings pointed out:
A 300m asteroid would have a mass of 40Billion kg.
That is roughly 100,000 Boeing 747s traveling at a speed of 10 km/s, imparting an Impact damage = 10 million times that of 9/11!

NASA Authorization language

Now this is a significant improvement! It appears that now both the National Research Council (NRC) and the President's Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) will be looking into who should get the mission. Let's hope they get it right (it is a Defense mission, not an Exploration Mission.

NEO News (06/04/08) NASA Authorization language

U.S. House of Representatives Science and Technology Committee Approves NASA Authorization Act (H.R. 6063), with Specific Comments on NEOs

H.R. 6063, introduced by Space and Aeronautics Subcommittee Chairman Mark Udall (D-CO), authorizes appropriations for NASA's activities - science, aeronautics, exploration, education, space operations, inspector general, cross-agency support programs - for Fiscal Year 2009. FY 2009 funding for NASA is $20.21 billion. This bipartisan legislation was originally cosponsored by the Science and Technology Committee's Chairman Bart Gordon (D-TN), Ranking Member Ralph Hall (R-TX), and Subcommittee Ranking Member Tom Feeney (R-FL). "H.R. 6063 will help point NASA towards a more productive and sustainable future," stated Udall. This is proposed language; the NASA Authorization Bill has not been voted into law.

The following draft language in the bill relates to NEOs: (http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewsr.html?pid=27997)TITLE VIII--NEAR-EARTH OBJECTS
SEC. 801. IN GENERAL.
The Congress reaffirms the policy direction established in the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Authorization Act of 2005 (Public Law 109-155) for NASA to detect, track, catalogue, and characterize the physical characteristics of near-Earth objects equal to or greater than 140 meters in diameter. NASA's Near-Earth Object program activities will also provide benefits to NASA's scientific and exploration activities.
SEC. 802. FINDINGS.
Congress makes the following findings:(1) Near-Earth objects pose a serious and credible threat to humankind, as many scientists believe that a major asteroid or comet was responsible for the mass extinction of the majority of the Earth's species, including the dinosaurs, nearly 65,000,000 years ago.(2) Several such near-Earth objects have only been discovered within days of the objects' closest approach to Earth and recent discoveries of such large objects indicate that many large near-Earth objects remain undiscovered.(3) Asteroid and comet collisions rank as one of the most costly natural disasters that can occur.(4) The time needed to eliminate or mitigate the threat of a collision of a potentially hazardous near-Earth object with Earth is measured in decades.(5) Unlike earthquakes and hurricanes, asteroids and comets can provide adequate collision information, enabling the United States to include both asteroid-collision and comet-collision disaster recovery and disaster avoidance in its public-safety structure.(6) Basic information is needed for technical and policy decision making for the United States to create a comprehensive program in order to be ready to eliminate and mitigate the serious and credible threats to humankind posed by potentially hazardous near-Earth asteroids and comets.(7) As a first step to eliminate and to mitigate the risk of such collisions, situation and decision analysis processes, as well as procedures and system resources, must be in place well before a collision threat becomes known.
SEC. 803. REQUESTS FOR INFORMATION.The Administrator shall issue requests for information on-(1) a low-cost space mission with the purpose of rendezvousing with and characterizing the Apophis asteroid, which scientists estimate will in 2029 pass at a distance from Earth that is closer than geostationary satellites; and(2) a medium-sized space mission with the purpose of detecting near-Earth objects equal to or greater than 140 meters in diameter.
SEC. 804. ESTABLISHMENT OF POLICY.
The Director of OSTP shall--(1) develop a policy for notifying Federal agencies and relevant emergency response institutions of an impending near-Earth object threat, if near term public safety is at stake; and(2) recommend a Federal agency or agencies to be responsible for protecting the Nation from a near-Earth object that is anticipated to collide with Earth and implementing a deflection campaign, in consultation with international bodies, should one be required.
SEC. 805. PLANETARY RADAR CAPABILITY.
The Administrator shall maintain a planetary radar that is, at minimum, comparable to the capability provided through the NASA Deep Space Network Goldstone facility.
SEC. 806. ARECIBO OBSERVATORY.
Congress reiterates its support for the use of the Arecibo Observatory for NASA-funded near-Earth object-related activities. The Administrator shall ensure the availability of the Arecibo Observatory's planetary radar to support these activities until the National Academies' review of NASA's approach for the survey and deflection of near-Earth objects, including a determination of the role of Arecibo, that was directed to be undertaken by the Fiscal Year 2008 Omnibus Appropriations Act, is completed.

How to harvest solar power? Beam it down from space!

From: http://www.cnn.com/2008/TECH/science/05/30/space.solar/index.html

Yet Mehta has another solution for India's chronic electricity shortage, one that does not involve power plants on the ground but instead massive sun-gathering satellites in geosynchronous orbits 22,000 miles in the sky.
The satellites would electromagnetically beam gigawatts of solar energy back to ground-based receivers, where it would then be converted to electricity and transferred to power grids. And because in high Earth orbit, satellites are unaffected by the earth's shadow virtually 365 days a year, the floating power plants could provide round-the-clock clean, renewable electricity.

"The conditions are ripe for something to happen on space solar power," said Charles Miller, a director of the Space Frontier Foundation, a group promoting public access to space. "The environment is perfect for a new start."
Skyrocketing oil prices, a heightened awareness of climate change and worries about natural resource depletion have recently prompted a renewed interest in beaming extraterrestrial energy back to Earth, Miller explained.
And so has a 2007 report released by the Pentagon's National Security Space Office, encouraging the U.S. government to spearhead the development of space power systems.
"A single kilometer-wide band of geosynchronous Earth orbit experiences enough solar flux in one year to nearly equal the amount of energy contained within all known recoverable conventional oil reserves on Earth today," the report said.

Mini-planet almost fits Earth’s profile

From: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/24935469/

Artist's conception of the newly discovered planet MOA-2007-BLG-192Lb orbiting a brown-dwarf "star" that's only 6 percent as massive as our sun. Theory suggests that the three-Earth-mass planet is made primarily of rock and ice. Observational and theoretical studies of brown dwarfs reveal that they have a magenta color due to absorption by elements such as sodium and potassium in their atmospheres.

There's a new extrasolar planet on the block: a mini-orb likely covered with a deep ocean. And it takes the record for the lowest-mass exoplanet to orbit a normal star, astrophysicists announced Monday. The li'l planet — weighing in at three times Earth's mass ­— grabs the lightweight title from a five-Earth-mass planet just announced in April. The super-Earth is called MOA-2007-BLG-192Lb, after its host star MOA-2007-BLG-192L, which is located about 3,000 light-years from Earth. (A light-year is the distance light travels in one year, or about 5.88 trillion miles — 9.46 trillion kilometers.)

Corot mission identifies two exoplanets

Aviation Week (5/28, Taverna) reported, "The Corot planet-finding mission has identified two more exoplanets and an unknown celestial object," according to mission managers. Corot "also detected extremely faint signals of another exoplanet that appears to be 1.7 times the radius of Earth. If confirmed, it would be the first rocky exoplanet to be found." Aviation Week noted, "Discovery of earthlike planets is the primary focus of the Corot mission, which was launched in December 2006."

Can Space Cooperation Lead to Space Security?

http://www.idsa.in/apjabdulkalam.htm
Inaugural Address by Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam, Former President of India at the International Conference on Space Security
November 13, 2007
I firmly believe that space faring nations have the responsibility to put their efforts together to launch time bound financially shared programmes to take up societal missions in a large scale, pooling their capabilities in launch vehicles, spacecraft and applications....In such a situation, what can be the space security system need to be evolved? What are the real threat perceptions of humanity for the twenty first century?
The inequity in education and health care
The shortage of human resources both for skills and research throughout the world
The looming threat to environment
The depletion of resources – energy and water
Can these be managed by the conventional way of thinking that individual nations and group of nations have been engaged in? I firmly believe that space faring nations have the responsibility to put their efforts together to launch time bound financially shared programmes to take up societal missions in a large scale, pooling their capabilities in launch vehicles, spacecraft and applications. Such major cooperation itself will act a great measure of space security, in addition to empowering the most underprivileged, minimizing communication gaps and reducing threats for conflicts. We have to focus on mass missions like solar energy from space, desalination of seawater through solar energy, mass transportation of minerals from Moon and Mars, which is possible only when the cost of access to space is reduced drastically...With the background and strength of technological progress in Space systems in the world, I would suggest the World Space Community to evolve World Space Vision 2050 with the following three components:
Large Scale Societal missions and Low cost access to space.
Comprehensive space security
Space exploration and current application missions
A World Space Vision would enhance the quality of human life, inspire the spirit of space exploration, expand the horizons of knowledge and ensure space security for all nations of the world...There is definitely a need for space faring nations to work together to develop reusable launch vehicles, which can bring down the cost of payload in orbit from the present US $ 20,000 per kg to US $ 2000 per kg and eventually to $200 per kg...I have proposed Space Satellite Service Stations as an international venture to have Space Satellite Service Stations. We have to guard against any threat from asteroids and manmade debris...Now, let me visualize the space profile in 2050, with the focus of World Space Vision 2050, being steered by the World Space council.
A world, where all citizens will have equitable distribution of energy through solar power and solar powered satellites.
A world where all citizens even in the remotest parts will have electronic connectivity and knowledge connectivity through constellation of communication satellites.
A world where all citizens will have safe drinking water by the technologies of seawater desalination using solar power.
A clean planet earth through the use of solar energy from solar power satellite and power generated from helium-3 derived from Moon.
A Planet earth will have a clean industrial complex on Moon and an alternate habitat at Mars.
Planet earth will be transformed to prosperity without poverty, peaceful without fear of war and a happy place to live for the whole humanity using space technologies as one of the prime movers.
I am convinced that time has come for political leadership of space faring nations has to come together and adopt a world space vision.

Stephen Hawkings: Isn't our future worth a quarter of a percent?

http://www.nss.org/resources/library/spacepolicy/hawking.htm
Why should we go into space? What is the justification for spending all that effort and money on getting a few lumps of Moon rock? Aren’t there better causes here on Earth?In a way, the situation is like that in Europe before 1492. People might well have argued that it was a waste of money to send Columbus on a wild goose chase. Yet the discovery of the New World made a profound difference to the old. If nothing else, we wouldn’t have had a Big Mac or KFC.Spreading out into space will have an even greater effect. It will completely change the future of the human race and maybe determine whether we have any future at all. It won’t solve any of our immediate problems on planet Earth, but it will give us a new perspective on them, and cause us to look outwards rather than inwards. Hopefully it would unite us to face a common challenge. This would be a long-term strategy, and by long-term I mean hundreds or thousands of years. We could have a base on the Moon within 30 years, reach Mars in 50 years, and explore the moons of the outer planets in 200 years. By “reach” I mean with manned, or should I say “personed,” space flight. We have already driven rovers on Mars and landed a probe on Titan, a moon of Saturn, but if one is considering the future of the human race we have to go there ourselves.Going into space won’t be cheap, but it would take only a small proportion of world resources. NASA’s budget has remained roughly constant in real terms since the time of the Apollo landings, but it has decreased from 0.3% of US GDP in 1970 to 0.12% now. Even if we were to increase the international budget 20 times to make a serious effort to go into space it would only be a small fraction of world GDP.There will be those who argue that it would be better to spend our money solving the problems of this planet like climate change and pollution rather than wasting it on a possibly fruitless search for a new planet. I am not denying the importance of fighting climate change and global warming, but we can do that and still spare a quarter of a percent of world GDP for space. Isn’t our future worth a quarter of a percent?A new manned spaceflight program would do a lot to restore public enthusiasm for space and for science generally. Robotic missions are much cheaper and may provide more scientific information but they don’t catch the public imagination in the same way, and they don’t spread the human race into space, which I am arguing should be our long-term strategy....A goal of a base on the Moon by 2020 and of a manned landing on Mars by 2025 would re-ignite the space program and give it a sense of purpose in the same way that President Kennedy’s Moon target did in the 1960s.... It is not clear that intelligence confers a long-term survival advantage. Bacteria and insects will survive quite happily even if our so-called intelligence leads us to destroy ourselves...What about beyond the solar system? Our observations indicate that a significant fraction of stars have planets around them. So far, we can detect only giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn but it is reasonable to assume that they will be accompanied by smaller, Earth-like planets. Some of these will lie in the “Goldilocks” zone where the distance from the star is in the right region for liquid water to exist on their surface. There are around a thousand stars within 30 light years of Earth. If one percent of these have Earth-sized planets in the Goldilocks zone, we have 10 candidate new worlds. We can’t envisage visiting them with current technology, but we should make interstellar travel a long-term aim. By long-term, I mean over the next 200 to 500 years. The human race has existed as a separate species for about 2 million years. Civilization began about 10,000 years ago, and the rate of development has been steadily increasing. If the human race is to continue for another million years, we will have to boldly go where no one has gone before.

John Young: Deadly Serious Business

http://www.johnwyoung.org/main/jyessay.htm
http://www.johnwyoung.org/main/enlarge-main/young-2002.htm
"Conclusion: The human race is at total war. Our enemy is ignorance, pure and simple. The last 25 years of NASA's Solar System exploration including Earth is telling us what we need to do topre serve our species. This new knowledge is useless unless we act on it. Large volcanoes on Earth, giant impacts on Earth, or unreliable solar activity cannot be ignored. Historical statistics show thatthese events are likely in our lifetimes or the lifetimes of our children and grand children. Knowing what we know now, we are being irresponsible in our failure to make the scientific and technical progress we will need for protecting our newly discovered severely threatened and probably endangered species -- us. NASA is not about the 'Adventure of Human Space Exploration,' we are in the deadly serious business of saving the species. All Human Exploration's bottom line is about preserving our species over the long haul."

Governments reconsider the risk of Near-Earth asteroid and comet impacts

from: http://www.seedmagazine.com/news/2008/04/planetary_protection.phpb

y Lee Billings * Posted April 16, 2008 11:38 PMUntil very recently, the devastating 1908 explosion of a space rockover the isolated Tunguska region of Siberia was thought to be aonce-in-a-millennium event. Based on comparisons to nuclear weaponblast effects, many experts estimated the Tunguska object to be 50 to 100 meters. But new simulations by Mark Boslough at Sandia NationalLaboratories suggest the Tunguska object was much smaller thanpreviously believed. And since smaller near-Earth objects (NEOs) are more common than larger ones, the implication is that the gap betweens uch impacts may be centuries rather than millennia."Chances are we're not going to discover one of these before it hits,"Boslough says, pointing out that the vast number of small NEOs faroutweighs the capabilities of the few surveys currently seeking them.

In 2005, the US Congress builtoff mandates from the 1990s, directing NASA to catalog 90 percent ofpotentially hazardous NEOs greater than 140 meters in diameter by the year 2020. Congress also asked NASA to study ways to deflectthreatening NEOs. But burdened with completing the International SpaceStation and replacing the Space Shuttle fleet, NASA has yet to allot funds to the project.

"Most Americans have faith that the federal government is doing what'snecessary to protect us against threats that could destroy our countryor leave large numbers of Americans dead," says US Representative DanaRohrabacher, who introduced legislation last December calling for NASAto devote more resources to NEO research. "The fact that we haven'teven formulated what our reaction would be to a potential threat fromspace is disturbing, considering the magnitude of the risk involved.You'd think there would be a plan ready, but there isn't."

Increasingly, coordinated private efforts are working to fill the gapin Earth's NEO defenses. Motivated in part by the upcoming USpresidential election, leading space scientists recently attended aninvite-only workshop at Stanford University to discuss shifting NASA'spriorities away from a return to the Moon and toward manned missionsto NEOs. And the B612 Foundation, a group co-founded by Apolloastronaut Rusty Schweickart, is gathering funds to test deflectionstrategies on an NEO by 2015. Earlier this year, Microsoft alumni BillGates and Charles Simonyi donated a combined $30 million to the LargeSynoptic Survey Telescope (LSST), keeping it on track for first lightin 2014. One of LSST's chief missions is to detect and catalog NEOs.As for Arecibo, Jim Cordes, a Cornell astronomer who frequently worksat the observatory, says that in the absence of government funding, aconsortium of universities may have to step in to fund the facility'soperations beyond 2010.Schweickart summarized what's at stake in a prepared statement at aNovember 2007 Capitol Hill hearing, where NASA and Congress clashedover how to address the NEO threat: "If we live up to ourresponsibility, if we wisely use our amazing technology, and if we aremature enough, as a nation and as a community of nations, there maynever again be a substantially damaging asteroid impact on the Earth.We have the ability to make ourselves safe from cosmic extinction. Ifwe cannot manage to meet this challenge, we will, in my opinion, havefailed to meet our evolutionary responsibility."